{"id":9774,"date":"2023-06-14T04:23:56","date_gmt":"2023-06-14T08:23:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/?p=9774"},"modified":"2023-08-03T06:24:37","modified_gmt":"2023-08-03T10:24:37","slug":"ai-in-finance-what-chatgpt-and-generative-ai-means-for-cfos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/ai-in-finance-what-chatgpt-and-generative-ai-means-for-cfos\/","title":{"rendered":"AI in finance: What ChatGPT and generative AI means for CFOs"},"content":{"rendered":"<header class=\"entry-header has-dark-background-color entry-header--has-illustration entry-header--has-illustration--generic\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"entry-header__row row align-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col col-lg-7 col-xlg-6 entry-header__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"component component-single-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-header__misc text--subtitle text--uppercase text--small\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/category\/technology-innovation\/\" class=\"entry-header__link\">Technology &amp; Innovation<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-title-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"entry-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAI in finance: What ChatGPT and generative AI means for CFOs\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"entry-header__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"single-post-details container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"posted-on \"><time class=\"entry-date published\" datetime=\"2023-06-14T04:23:56-04:00\">June 14, 2023<\/time><\/span><span class=\"reading-time\"> min read<\/span>\n\t\t<button\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"social-share-button button button--icon button--secondary js-social-share-button\"\n\t\t\tdata-share-title=\"AI in finance: What ChatGPT and generative AI means for CFOs\"\n\t\t\tdata-share-url=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/ai-in-finance-what-chatgpt-and-generative-ai-means-for-cfos\/\"\n\t\t\tdata-share-text=\"Please read this interesting article\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"social-share-button__share-label\">Share<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"social-share-button__copy-label\" hidden>Copy Link<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"social-share-button__copy-tooltip\" aria-hidden=\"true\" hidden>Copied<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"co-authors\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"entry-author-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"entry-author\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/author\/asavinwattanajantra\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2026\/03\/Asavin-350x350.jpg\" class=\"entry-author__image\" alt=\"Asavin\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2026\/03\/Asavin-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2026\/03\/Asavin-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2026\/03\/Asavin-810x810.jpg 810w, https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2026\/03\/Asavin.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 40px) 100vw, 40px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-author__name\">Asavin Wattanajantra<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI), the pace of progress with AI in finance has been remarkable.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">From mobile phones to the metaverse, we\u2019re becoming used to technological breakthroughs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">But even with this rapid progress, AI\u2019s leap into the public consciousness has surprised many.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">In particular, the emergence of ChatGPT has shaken the world, with people only beginning to understand what it means for the future of business technology.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">As we continue to embrace technology, CFOs and financial leaders need to understand the growing potential of generative AI and ChatGPT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With the ability to automate mundane tasks, analyze large data sets, and even generate reports, AI could change how your business operates.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">This article explains how generative AI tools and their potential applications work. By understanding what they do, you might see opportunities to use them to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and drive business growth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Here\u2019s what we cover:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"#what\">What is generative AI and ChatGPT?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#why\">Why are financial professionals excited about AI?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#super\">ChatGPT\u2014a \u201csuper assistant\u201d for financial teams?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#limitations\">The limitations and drawbacks of ChatGPT<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#generative\">What could generative AI look like for your finance department?<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#future\"><strong>The future of AI in financial management<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#openai\">OpenAI\u2019s generative API available for businesses<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"#trust\">The importance of AI trust and ethics<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#growing\"><strong>Growing businesses need AI-driven financial technology tools<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#final\"><strong>Final thoughts on ChatGPT and generative AI<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What is generative AI and ChatGPT?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence that can create new content independently, without explicit instructions or data input.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">One example of generative AI is ChatGPT, which stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">It\u2019s a language model that uses deep learning to generate human-like responses to user inputs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">By analyzing vast amounts of data, ChatGPT can learn to mimic human conversation and generate responses that are both coherent and relevant to the conversation at hand.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why\">Why are financial professionals excited about AI?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">AI tools are becoming increasingly popular in financial management because they can automate routine tasks, improve accuracy, and provide valuable insights.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With reams of financial data generated daily, traditional financial management methods no longer feel sufficient for the work you must do today.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With AI and automation, you can analyze vast amounts of data, identifying patterns and trends you might otherwise miss.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With more accurate financial reports, you can make more informed decisions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Additionally, AI tools could automate routine tasks, create financial reports, and handle customer enquiries, freeing your team to focus on more strategic tasks.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Angus Gregory, CEO of software provider <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biomni.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biomni<\/a>, says passing information from one colleague to another is essential in maintaining smooth operations within a company.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">This is especially true in the finance sector.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Angus says: \u201cIn finance, day-to-day activities are heavily based on knowledge sharing, be that business-specific processes, compliance information or developments in the industry.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cMany of these tasks could be automated, an area in which AI excels.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cUsing ChatGPT in the financial sector could significantly improve organization, productivity, and overall growth.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">As AI technology advances, it\u2019s increasingly likely that your competitors will adopt AI tools as part of their financial management strategy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Microsoft is a company that is betting the farm on AI\u2019s potential to transform financial management, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/01\/23\/business\/microsoft-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">investing $10bn with ChatGPT\u2019s creator, OpenAI<\/a>, as a key part of its business strategy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You can connect the dots and see that Microsoft\u2019s investment in AI is partly driven by a belief that AI can help financial professionals make better decisions, improve operational efficiency, and drive growth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Speaking at the World Finance Forum in London, Microsoft UK CFO Mark McCardle said AI is a \u201cgame changer\u201d, and the most intelligent scientists in the world describe AI as \u201cmore transformational than the invention of the internet\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAI will change how we work, though, in finance, we\u2019re not yet using it to its fullest potential,\u201d he said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cHowever, we\u2019ve advanced in machine learning when it comes to predicting the future by using information from the past\u2014algorithms can forecast better than I can.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAt Microsoft, we use AI for standard forecasting, where we understand the customer pipeline through revenue forecasting of our different solutions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cEvery week, we review this information with market leaders and discuss where our customers are going. It\u2019s where the science comes together with human review\u2014going with what computers tell us and rationalizing it.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"super\">ChatGPT\u2014a \u201csuper assistant\u201d for financial teams?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Let\u2019s focus on what your finance team might already be doing with ChatGPT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT can generate texts, create summaries, assist with complex assignments or research tasks, automate repetitive tasks, and pull out requested information\u2014all of which are invaluable for streamlining the daily work of financial teams.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Angus Gregory outlined specific examples, such as:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Analyzing huge datasets in seconds\u2014you could assess financial markets, identify patterns, and predict the outcome of certain decisions quickly and effectively.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Helping with governance and complying with legal requirements when used within a framework and provided with the right prompts.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Generating digestible summaries of documents and policies and presenting large amounts of information in an organized manner for reporting purposes.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Supporting \u201cblue sky thinking\u201d and brainstorming sessions around topics such as growth or cost saving.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Daniele Grassi, CEO of fintech company <a href=\"https:\/\/axyon.ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Axyon AI<\/a>, says AI can see things financial professionals can\u2019t see because of its ability to analyze and cross-reference large quantities of data at a granular level quickly and accurately.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">He says: \u201cAI has a superior ability to identify non-linear patterns in data, such as fundamentals, technical indicators, and macroeconomics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cIt can see how those patterns have developed over time and how they interact, using them to predict future returns.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAdditionally, AI technology can be used by financial services businesses, such as asset managers, to automate specific tasks, giving managers more time to spend on more significant aspects of their portfolio management.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul Ronan is the chief technology officer of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundinfo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">FE fundinfo<\/a>, an investment fund data and technology firm. He has a background in finance and technology, spanning around 3 decades.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With around 180 technologists, his team has already been using machine learning for a few years to handle large amounts of data, with more plans in motion to use AI to help clients.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul says that with ChatGPT, you need to use caution in implementing it, but it does have some obvious benefits.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">He says: \u201cYou can use ChatGPT\u2019s ability to learn naturally. It can help you understand people\u2019s needs and direct them to the right resources.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThis is especially useful in businesses where it can be hard to find the information or support needed to do a job well.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Humans don\u2019t like to read lots of information, and that could be particularly useful in the finance space, especially in an area like compliance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul adds: \u201cSome financial and compliance-related documents are often lengthy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cBy combining machine learning and chat features, AI could go through these sections of these documents and highlight important information.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAI can act as a super assistant, providing frontline support, and simplifying text processing.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Streamlining communication&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Because it replies like a human, you may already have seen how ChatGPT could streamline internal and external communication by providing quick and accurate responses to enquiries.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Internally, it can assist with team communication and collaboration by providing instant feedback and suggestions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With some development work and the ChatGPT API, you could create a chatbot to help with customer enquiries, providing 24\/7 availability, and quick response times.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT could save you time and resources by automating responses to common enquiries, freeing staff to focus on more complex issues.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Daniel Kroytor, founder and director at <a href=\"https:\/\/tailoredpay.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TailoredPay<\/a>, said: \u201cMany companies are implementing AI chatbots to power communications and understand the customer experience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cDoing so allows teams to use advanced sentiment analysis to spot gaps and train chatbots to solve them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThe fact that AI chatbots work 24\/7 makes it easier and more accessible for consumers to engage when they need it most.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What it might mean for your people&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT could change how your finance team works (you might be seeing this already):&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>1. It could encourage collaboration<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Firstly, it can encourage collaboration among team members by providing AI-driven insights that foster discussion and teamwork.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">By identifying patterns and trends in data, ChatGPT can provide valuable insights that inspire new ideas and encourage team members to work together towards shared goals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Improved team relationships will encourage better decision-making and performance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>2. It might require upskilling and reskilling<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Tools such as ChatGPT could encourage upskilling and reskilling among financial professionals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With the increasing use of AI-powered tools in financial management, it will be essential for financial professionals to adapt and learn new skills to work alongside these tools, and you might need to provide training and support.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>3. It could enhance strategic thinking<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">By automating routine tasks such as generating reports and handling customer inquiries, ChatGPT could free up staff to focus on more strategic tasks.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"limitations\">The limitations and drawbacks of ChatGPT&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">However, it\u2019s worth noting that ChatGPT has several potential yet important limitations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Limited domain knowledge, inaccuracies, and a lack of contextual understanding<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Firstly, ChatGPT\u2019s domain knowledge may be limited compared to specialized financial tools.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT may not have access to the latest information or in-depth expertise in a particular area.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">While it can analyze vast amounts of data and provide valuable insights, it may not have the same precision or accuracy as dedicated financial management software.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT may also provide misleading information or lose track of context in conversations, leading to misunderstandings and incorrect replies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Your finance team can\u2019t afford mistakes of this nature, as you depend on accurate and reliable information to make critical decisions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul Ronan says: \u201cChatGPT can hallucinate and make mistakes, which is concerning, especially in the financial sector where incorrect advice could have serious consequences.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cWe expect these bots to be accurate, but they\u2019re still learning, so there\u2019s a challenge in ensuring reliability.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Integration with existing systems<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">ChatGPT may not be fully compatible with existing systems, requiring additional resources and time to integrate effectively.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A better option is customizable financial management software that meets the specific needs of your business, meeting industry-specific requirements and compliance regulations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Before adopting them fully into your operations, you must carefully evaluate the benefits and limitations of AI-powered tools such as ChatGPT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Security<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Feeding financial data into ChatGPT or any other AI model could pose a security risk. Financial data is often sensitive and confidential.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Criminals could use it for fraudulent activities or identity theft if it falls into the wrong hands.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Minimise security risks by encrypting financial data before feeding it into an AI model. Encryption is a process that converts the data into code that unauthorized individuals can\u2019t easily read.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Additionally, it\u2019s important to use secure communication channels when transmitting the data to the AI model.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">It\u2019s also important to have strict access controls and authorization mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access to financial data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You can ensure only authorized personnel have access to the data and that you grant access on a need-to-know basis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Cybercriminals\u2019 use of ChatGPT<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cYou should be aware of cybercriminals using ChatGPT to attack you,\u201d says Jimmy Fong, Chief Commercial Officer of fraud detection company <a href=\"https:\/\/seon.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Seon.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Jimmy says: \u201cAI is getting more complex. We are seeing how this develops and what cybercriminals use as attack vectors.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cFor example, we see the use of ChatGPT for application fraud and applications for online financial products.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cBad actors can use ChatGPT to write these applications in very specific ways\u2014whether in the style of someone over 55 or a student\u2019s age.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"generative\">What could generative AI look like for your finance department?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Because of ChatGPT\u2019s limitations, excitement for financial professionals could be less around what AI tools such as ChatGPT can do now and more about what it means for the future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Let\u2019s use an imagined example.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Emma is the CFO of a mid-sized company that\u2019s experiencing rapid growth. Her workload, and that of her team, has increased significantly, and she needs a financial management solution to help her access and analyze financial data quickly and efficiently.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Emma decides to try out a financial management platform with AI natural language processing capabilities, so she can interact with financial data using natural language without navigating complex reports or spreadsheets.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">For example, Emma can ask the platform questions like: \u201cWhat are our top-selling products this quarter?\u201d or: \u201cHow much cash do we have on hand?\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The platform will provide her with real-time insights in a conversational format.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The platform could generate customized financial reports and dashboards based on Emma\u2019s specific requirements, allowing her to access the information she needs quickly and easily.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Thanks to AI and language processing capabilities, Emma accesses and analyses financial data quicker and more efficiently than ever, allowing her to make informed decisions and drive her company\u2019s financial performance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">That\u2019s just an example of what could be.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">But, as Paul Ronan says: \u201cMachine learning is already helping identify patterns and support questions in client platforms.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAs we gain confidence in AI, it could provide quick pivots on views and support advice for various fields like finance, tax, and compliance. With controlled narrative and clearer communication, AI can be a powerful tool for assisting professionals and building campaigns.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul says large learning models such as ChatGPT have around 175 billion parameters (adjustable values that help the model make predictions).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">This means they learn from data and adapt to find patterns and relationships. More parameters make the model more complex and capable but require more training resources and time.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">These huge parameter numbers mean ChatGPT is a generalist able to answer anything, but it\u2019s not a specialized expert in a particular area.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul states: \u201cTo have confidence in AI\u2019s domain expertise in areas such as finance, we must move towards sparse expertise models that are easier and cheaper to train.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThese models will be specialized, allowing for mass adoption and increased confidence in the quality of their responses.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThe focus should be on creating expert systems specifically trained for industries like finance, pharmaceuticals, or others, rather than general models that are experts in every field.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"openai\">OpenAI\u2019s API is open for business&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You may have looked at getting access to <a href=\"https:\/\/openai.com\/product\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OpenAI\u2019s API<\/a> as a cloud-based service. You can see the implications for finance, with the world already accessing AI language models.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You might see potential in using OpenAI\u2019s API to create applications that automate customer service tasks, such as answering common enquiries, verifying customer identities, and assisting with financial transactions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Or you could look at OpenAI\u2019s language models for fraud detection and prevention, risk analyis, and investment decision-making.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">OpenAI\u2019s API provides developers with tools and resources to create customized language models tailored to your business\u2019s needs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Emmanuel Methivier, Business Program Director and Member of Global Digital Catalysts at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.axway.com\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Axway<\/a>, says: \u201cThe API is designed to be highly customizable and tailored to specific use cases.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThis means that developers can create applications that leverage the API\u2019s advanced capabilities in various contexts, from chatbots to content creation tools.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cOverall, ChatGPT\u2019s combination of GPT\u2019s advanced language capabilities, the API\u2019s flexibility and customizability, and its broad range of language-related functionalities make it a truly revolutionary tool in artificial intelligence.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Matt Hammond is a software architect and founder of <a href=\"https:\/\/talkthinkdo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Talk Think Do<\/a>, which innovates, maintains and modifies cloud-native applications for businesses.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">His company is part of Microsoft\u2019s Open AI Service, which means it can access OpenAI models with added enterprise benefits.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">He says: \u201cWhile there are challenges in applying AI in real organizations, particularly due to compliance concerns, we see this as an exciting strategic push to use our expertise in building big complex systems which can integrate AI technology.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cBy partnering with a company like Microsoft, we can use additional features on top of OpenAI\u2019s services, such as controlling the regions where data is held. This is crucial for businesses subject to GDPR.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAdditionally, the stronger security measures and access controls make it easier to identify users and filter out unwanted inquiries.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"future\">The future of AI in financial management&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Although it\u2019s very early days when it comes to the enterprise, AI has the potential to play a significant role in the future of financial management.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Natural language processing<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You could use natural language processing (NLP) to develop conversational interfaces that allow users to interact with financial data and make decisions based on insights generated by the model.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Employees could easily access and understand financial data, even if they don\u2019t have a background in finance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Generative AI for finance may come in a different form than ChatGPT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">For instance, Bloomberg <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/company\/press\/bloomberggpt-50-billion-parameter-llm-tuned-finance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">revealed work on a new AI model called BloombergGPT<\/a>, specifically designed to take on NLP tasks within the financial industry.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The model was trained on a large dataset of English financial documents and validated on existing finance-specific NLP benchmarks, outperforming existing models of a similar size.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Predictive analytics<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Machine learning algorithms are already used to analyze financial data and generate predictive insights.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You could train an AI model to predict future cash flows, identify potential risks and opportunities, and recommend strategies for optimizing financial performance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Mark Troester is the Vice President of Strategy at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.progress.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">software development firm Progress<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With AI prediction, he says: \u201cTo deliver truly impactful business outcomes, you need to deploy machine learning capabilities that use data over time to iteratively train your models and improve the accuracy and quality of the output.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cFocus on deploying AI technology solutions that are insightful, actionable, and valuable to you.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Automation<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">AI can automate routine financial management tasks, such as data entry and reconciliation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You can reduce the time and resources required for manual financial management tasks, allowing your finance team to focus on higher-value activities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Dan Miller, EVP at <a href=\"https:\/\/diginomica.com\/so-what-else-can-i-automate-sage-intaccts-dan-miller-how-finance-leaders-are-responding-market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sage Intacct, tells Diginomica<\/a> that finance teams in a time of non-stop volatility are consistently searching for tools to become more productive.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Very often, the answer is automation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">He says: \u201cWhat finance teams want from us, through our partner ecosystem, as well as from our direct team, is counsel on what else they can do to be more efficient. They look to see how to squeeze more out of their work.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cIf they\u2019re not using planning today, how do they plan more effectively? If they are not using analytics in a big way, they\u2019ll want more visibility. They want help, and that means further automation.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Risk management<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">AI-powered algorithms can analyze financial data and identify patterns and anomalies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You can flag unusual transaction types as potential fraud indicators, such as large cash withdrawals or wire transfers to unfamiliar accounts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">AI could also monitor employee behaviour, such as changes in spending patterns or excessive expense claims, which may indicate fraudulent activity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Jimmy Wong says: \u201cChatGPT should be a valuable tool to help fight against cybercriminals who are also wielding it against the banking and finance industry.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cAI models are already implemented across many risk management software suites, generating fraud scores for users and their behaviour on domains, but this is a narrow scope compared to the security holes you could potentially plug.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">In financial management, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/sage-business-cloud\/intacct\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sage Intacct<\/a> uses General Ledger Outlier Detection, advanced algorithms and machine learning that can automatically identify and flag unusual transactions within your financial data.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">By analyzing historical patterns and trends, this system helps streamline financial management and enhance accuracy, enabling finance teams to spot potential errors or anomalies easily.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">As a result, you can maintain better financial control, improve audit readiness, and increase overall operational efficiency.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Dan Miller says: \u201cWe\u2019ve seen significant adoption of our general ledger outlier detection. We released some new capabilities into that, which can highlight many anomalies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cOur account payable automation solution also went to general availability within our February 2023 release, which can pre-fill vendor information based on past behaviours.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Personalization<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You could use AI to develop personalized financial management solutions tailored to individual business needs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You could train an AI model to provide customized financial reports and dashboards to meet each business\u2019s specific reporting demands.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Overall, the future possibilities of AI in financial management are exciting, with the potential to improve processes and provide CFOs with greater insights into their financial performance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"importance\">The importance of AI trust and ethics&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With AI increasingly being used to automate financial processes and provide insights into financial data, trust is essential.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Financial decision-making can involve risk, and you must trust that the AI systems you use are making accurate and unbiased decisions based on reliable data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">You must also be able to trust that AI systems are secure and that you protect financial data from fraud or other malicious activities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Building trust is critical to use AI in financial management effectively.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Dan Miller says of Sage\u2019s treatment of data: \u201cWe very much believe that we are a trusted adviser, a trusted processor of our customers\u2019 data. It\u2019s not our data; it\u2019s our customers\u2019 data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cWe build technology to use that data for the customer\u2019s benefit. That is a very different way of thinking than some of the sensational things you hear about in the media, where people are figuring out how they use data for their benefit, as opposed to how to use it for the customers\u2019 benefit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cHow we\u2019ve constructed the Sage Intacct license agreement is important. How do we protect data, anonymizing the data when appropriate, when we\u2019re looking at building models?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cWhere it\u2019s not anonymized because it\u2019s specific, we\u2019re looking at how we make sure that customers give us specific rights to be able to do that on their behalf, so they can see that benefit come to fruition.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">There are also ethical concerns that businesses must manage.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Paul Ronan says: \u201cThe issue with AI models like GPT is that they act as a \u2018black box\u2019, meaning it\u2019s unclear why they make certain suggestions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cThis raises ethical concerns, especially when we can\u2019t debug or reason about the conversation like we can with humans. Compliance and legal teams worry about using such models in frontline applications.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Dr Kurt Rohloff, Co-Founder and CTO of <a href=\"https:\/\/dualitytech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Duality Technologies<\/a>, warns that AI tools may not always provide fair responses, especially as generative AI\u2019s responses and accuracy depend partly on the completeness and quality of data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">He says: \u201cIf there are any implicit biases in data collection fed to the generative AI systems, then these biases will propagate into the output of the generative AI systems.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cUnfortunately, data used in training AI systems is often lacking and low-quality for historically underrepresented minority groups, and generative AI might unintentionally reinforce historical, social biases.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cPart of the pursuit of responsible AI includes efforts to expand the diversity, fairness, and completeness of the data that feed it, in a way that protects personal data privacy.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"growing\">Growing businesses need AI-driven financial technology tools&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">CFOs and businesses with complex financial needs will benefit more from dedicated and trusted financial management software with AI capabilities now and, in the future, rather than unproven software.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Financial management software is specifically designed to handle complex financial transactions and provide advanced accounting functionalities that may not be available in widely available language models such as ChatGPT.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Here are a few reasons why dedicated financial management software is better suited for finance teams in growing businesses.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Customization:<\/strong> It can be customized to meet the specific needs of a growing business, including industry-specific requirements and compliance regulations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Integration:<\/strong> It can integrate with other business applications such as customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and payroll systems, allowing for a seamless data flow between departments.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Scalability:<\/strong> As businesses grow, they need a financial management system to grow with them. Look for software that can scale your business and handle increased transaction volumes, number of users, and complex accounting requirements.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Security:<\/strong> Financial data is sensitive. Financial management software should have robust security measures in place, including encryption and data backup, to ensure the safety of financial data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Reporting:<\/strong> You\u2019ll want advanced reporting capabilities, allowing businesses to generate customized financial reports, track key performance indicators (KPIs), and make informed decisions based on real-time data.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Integrate AI holistically&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">AI and automation shouldn\u2019t be limited to just 1 part of financial management. Use it throughout. This way, data and processes can work together more effectively, leading to better decision-making and overall efficiency.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The use of AI in the enterprise has steadily grown, but recent advancements have made it more accessible and powerful than ever before.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">This accessibility has led to significant improvements in language processing and image generation, with development accelerating at an unprecedented rate.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">We are now at an inflexion point where you might seriously consider using AI to achieve your goals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">As the AI landscape evolves, you can use these advancements to deliver high-value solutions to your customers. With increased accessibility and power, AI technology represents an exciting opportunity if you want to stay ahead of the curve.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"final\">Final thoughts on ChatGPT and generative AI&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">As CFOs navigate the complex and ever-changing landscape of financial management, it\u2019s critical to understand the potential benefits and limitations of AI-powered tools to make informed decisions about their implementation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Using AI language models and dedicated financial management tools, CFOs can gain valuable insights into their financial data, streamline financial processes, and make more informed decisions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">However, it\u2019s also important to recognize that AI-powered tools have limitations and must be used with other technologies and human expertise to achieve the best results.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With a clear understanding of AI-powered tools\u2019 potential benefits and limitations, the finance function can head towards a more efficient, data-driven, and strategic future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"single-cta\">\n\t<div class=\"single-cta__positioner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"single-cta__wrapper has-dark-background-color\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"single-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"single-cta__title h3\">Subscribe to the Sage Advice Newsletter<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"single-cta__description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"cta-content__title\">Get a roundup of our best business advice in your inbox every month.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#gate-8949a954-88b2-43bb-8b8a-77c53eb34350\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"single-cta__button button button--primary\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>Subscribe<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2022\/04\/GettyImages-1073797282-1440x810.jpg\" class=\"single-cta__image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2022\/04\/GettyImages-1073797282-1440x810.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 48em) 33vw, 100vw\" \/>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article explains how generative AI tools and their potential applications work. By understanding what they do, you might see opportunities to use them to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and drive business growth. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":356,"featured_media":9272,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sage_video":false,"post_featured_image_hide":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[274],"business_type":[99],"lilypad":[],"context":[],"industry":[],"persona":[],"imagine_tag":[],"coauthors":[312],"class_list":["post-9774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology-innovation","tag-cfo","business_type-medium-business"],"sage_meta":{"region":"en-ca","author_name":"Asavin Wattanajantra","featured_image":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/02\/BrandShootSF_Oct2021_ProfSvcs_C8297-JPG-Sage-Advice.jpeg","imagine_tags":[]},"distributor_meta":false,"distributor_terms":false,"distributor_media":false,"distributor_original_site_name":"Sage Advice Canada English","distributor_original_site_url":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog","push-errors":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/users\/356"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9774"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9774\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/media\/9272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"business_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/business_type?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"lilypad","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/lilypad?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"context","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/context?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"industry","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/industry?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"persona","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/persona?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"imagine_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/imagine_tag?post=9774"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sage.com\/en-ca\/blog\/api\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}